Chapter-1
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
NOTES AND SUMMARY
The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
- A series of four picture is portrayed by Fredric Sorrieu in 1948 which expressed the notion of ideal state.
- The imaginary manifestation of Fredric show the universal brotherhood.
- The Utopia showed the people of various country like USA, Switzerland, Germany, Canada, England and others have had same intention regarding freedom and liberty.
- The universal brotherhood was imagined by portrayer which was inspired with the democratic and social republics.
- According to him, universal fraternity in Europe could be obtained with Enlighten, Charter of rights for its citizen.
- The grass root changed took place in the political and mental arena of Europe due to emergence of Nationalism.
- Nationalism changed the multinational dynastic empires in the nation state.
The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation
- French revolution of 1789 was the first clear expression of nationalism.
- Steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people
- Ideas of La patria and Le citoyen
- New French flag
- Estates general was elected and renamed national assembly
- New hymns composed and oaths taken.
- French became the common language.
Civil code f 1804 / Napoleonic code
- Equality before the law was established.
- Secured the right to property
- Simplified administrative measures
- Abolished feudal system
- Freed peasants from serfdom system
- Guild restrictions were removed and transport and communication systems were improved.
- Napoleon took away political freedom, increased taxes, imposed censorship and forced people to join French army
The making of nationalism in Europe
- No nation states were in Europe because of not common identity or culture.
- People residing in different areas spoke different languages.
Example :- hungary half of the population spoke Magyar other half spoke variety of dialect and in Galicia people spoke polish.
- Aristocracy and new middle class
- Land owning class spoken French connected by ties of marriage
- New social class emerged with the growth of towns and emergence of commercial classes.
- Educated class where ideas of nationality gained popularity
What did liberal nationalism stand for?
- Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality for equality for all before the law
- The end f autocracy and clerical privileges
- A constitution and representative government through parliament.
- In the economic sphere liberalism stood for the freedom of markets and abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of gds and capital.
- Zollverein abolished tariff barriers, reduced the number f currencies to two and promoted a network of railways to stimulate mobility.
A new conservatism after 1815
Traty of Vienna (1815)
- Bourbon dynasty was restored to power in France.
- A series of states created on the French boundary for preventing French expansion in future.
- German confederation of 39 states that had been set up by napoleon was left untouched.
- Main intention was to restore the monarchies that had been overthrown by napoleon.
THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS (1830-1848) AND THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AND ITALY.
Emergence of Nationalism
- Revolutions broke out in the provinces of Ottoman empire, Ireland, Poland, in the reaction of the consolidation of power by conservative regimes.
- Revolutions were inspired by the liberalism and nationalism.
- Professors, commercial middle classes, elite of educated middle-class, clerks inspired with nationalism led the revolutions.
- Independence movement of Greek caused the decimation of feelings of nationalism in among peoples.
- Poets and artists raised the nationalist feeling among Greeks by shaping public opinion against Ottoman empire by praising ancient culture and civilization of Greece.
- Greece got independence as a nation in 1832 due to emergence of nationalism among its peoples.
- The feeling of nationalism or a nation was emerged with help arts, music and stories, folk lore etc. A cultural movement led by Romantic artists and poets tried to create a collective belongings with culture, tradition and pasts of a nation.
- The spirit of a German culture was popularized as a folk dance, folk songs and folk poetry. It is used to put the messages of modern nationalist to connects to a majority of peoples who were not able to read.
- Poland was divided by Austria Prussia and Russia, but national feeling was alive in peoples due to music and language.
- In Poland language played a major role in promotion of nationalist feelings against Russia, as Poland was occupied by Russia and Russian language was imposed.
- The armed opposition against Russia was failed in 1831, the Poland began to use Polish language as a symbol of opposition.
Hunger, Hardship and Popular Revolt
- The rise in population in Europe led the deplorable condition of peoples as employment was not hiked in the ratio of population.
- Slums were over crowd with migrated peoples from rural area.
- That time elites were enjoying and the peasants were struggling from the debt of feudal.
- In the same time food shortage occurred this paced the dissatisfaction of unemployed.
- Hungry and unemployed peoples came out from their home and forced Louis Phillippe to flee.
- National assembly provided voting rights the age of 21 and above males and announce Europe as a Republic.
- Weavers in Silesia had driven a rebel against temporary workers who provided them crude material of weaving and gave them orders for products yet radically decreased their installments.
- Liberals’ Revolution
- In a mid of unrest, The liberal Men and women of the Germany, Austria Poland, raised their demands for a constitution, freedom of press and freedom of forming groups.
- In Frankfurt the businessman, artisans and other middle class people gathered and 831 elected representatives were reached Church of St. Paul.
- Drafted a constitution for a German country to be headed by a government subject to a parliament.
- King of Prussia, Wilhelum IV, rejected it and opposed the elected assembly by joining other.
- The social base of parliament became ruined but the military and aristocracy became stronger.
- The middle classes dominated parliament lost is support by opposing the demands of artisans and workers.
- Women also formed organization and participated in revolutionaries movement but they failed to get voting rights in the election of assembly.
- The continuous oppose of liberals changed the mind of monarchs, they started to respond over their demands and introduced the changes.
- The system of bonded labour and serfdom were abolished from Russia and Habsburg dominions.
Nation States – Unification of Italy, Germany and Britain
Germany
- The nationalist were trying to unite Germany from 1848 but the combined forces of the Jukers, military, and monarchs of Prussia always suppressed their movement.
- Otto van Bismark took the leadership of the unification of Germany.
- William I the king of Prussia became the emperor of unified Germany after three successful war with Austria, Denmark and France in the leadership of Vismark.
- Modernisation of Germany took place with the improvements in banking, legal, judicial system which became model for others.
Italy
- The only one Sardinia was ruled by an Italian princely house after division of Italy into seven part.
- A pope was head of centre, Spain was the ruler of south and Austrian Habsburgs was the head of north.
- Young Italy was founded for the unification of Italy by Mazzini but was failed to achieve its goal.
- Cavour was the new face to led the movement, Sardinia – Piedmont defeated Austria.
- Cavour and Mazzini together succeeded in muster support of peasants of Two Sicilies, against Spanish.
- They succeeded and Victor Emmanuel II become king of unified Italy.
Britain
- In Britain the arrangement of the country state was not the consequence of sudden change or unrest. It was the consequence of a long draw-out process.
- There was no British country preceding the eighteenth century. The essential characters of the general population who possessed the British thoughts were ethnic ones
- But as the English country relentlessly developed in riches, significance and influence, it could broaden its impact over alternate countries of the islands.
- The English Parliament, which had seized control from the government in 1688 toward the finish of a secured conflict, was the instrument through which a country state with England at its focus, came to be produced.
- The Act of association (1707) amongst England and Scotland that brought about the development of the ‘Joined together Kingdom of Great Britain’ implied as a result, that England could force its effect on Scotland.
- Ireland endured a comparative destiny. It was a nation profoundly separated amongst Catholics and Protestants. The English helped the Protestants of Ireland to force their strength over a generally catholic nation.
- Catholic rebels against British strength were severely smothered. After a fizzled revolt driven by Wolte Tone and his Joined Irishmen (1798). Ireland was persuasively consolidated into the assembled kingdom in 1801.
- Another ‘English country’ was produced through the spread of overwhelming English culture
VISUALISING THE NATION – NATIONALISM AND IMPERIALISM
- From eighteenth centuries the artists started to represent nation as a Female.
- In France the nation was represented as a Christened Marianne, to connect the peoples with nation.
- German nation had allegory of Germania weared a crown of oak leaves to which show heroism.
Nationalism and Imperialism
- In the post nineteenth century nationalist groups had notion of dissatisfaction to each other, which is used by the European powers to diverted nationalist and extend their imperial .
- A large area of Balkan was controlled by Ottoman empire. Albania, Greece, Bosnia, Serbia, Macedonia, Croatia and many other countries were collectively termed as Balkan.
- After the disintegration of Ottoman empire, the condition of Balkan was very explosive as the idea of romantic nationalism was spreading.
- People were started to oppose in Balkan areas the ottoman empires tried to resolve this but was not successful.
- The Slavic Nationalist started to spread the history to create a sense of belongings to get rid from imperialism.
- Russia, Germany, England and Austria-Hungary both supreme power were also involves in acquiring power in Balkans.
- Rivalry of both supreme power for Balkan led to the series of wars which caused First world war.
- The anti-imperial movement was started by various colonial country of Europe, against imperial dominance.
- The movement was inspired by the collective national unity which changed the political shape of Europe and the idea of nation-states accepted.
Points to know
- ABSOLUTIST: A form of the government centralised monarchial government ,had not any limit to exercise its power.
- UTOPIA :A imaginary state with universal brotherhood that is never going to be true.
- PLEBISCITE :A public related important issue is directly voted by its citizen.
- ALLEGORY :It’s a illustration or expression of ideas, generally manifests by the things or person.
- Zollverein : To remove trade barrier in Prussia, it is formed in 1034.
- DAS VOLK Common People in Germany
- CARBONARI A secret society of Italy.
Important Dates
1797 – Napoleon war begins.
1789 – French Revolution.
1804 – Napoleon code.
1814 – Napoleonic Wars, fail of Napoliean.
1815 – Vienna congress took place
1821 – Independence movement of Greek against the Ottoman Empire
1846 – Uprising in Greater Poland
1859 – 61 – Unification of Italy
1863 – Polish national revolt
1866 – 71 – Unification of led by Otto Von Bismarck
1867 – autonomy established in Hungary
1905 – Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empire