Manufacturing Industries Notes & Important Terms , Class-8
The industry refers to that economic activity which is concerned with converting the raw material or semi¬finished goods into finished goods.
- Industrial activities are divided in three sectors – Primary sector, Secondary sector and tertiary sector.
- Secondary activities are those activities which change raw materials into products of more value.
Flow Learning :-
Industries are classified:
- On the basis of raw material: Agro-based industries, Mineral-based industries, Marine-based industries, Forest-based industries.
- On the basis of size: Small scale industries and Large scale industries.
- On the basis of ownership: Private sector industries, public sector industries and joint sector industries.
- On the basis of end products: Basic Industries and Consumer Goods Industries.
Availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport, market and government policies are the important factors that affect the location of industries.
Iron & Steel Industries, Textile Industries and Information Technology Industry are the world’s major industries.
The product of Iron & Steel Industry is the raw material for the other industries. So, it is also called the feeder industry. Steel is often called as the backbone of modern industry.
The Information Technology Industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.
- Raw Material:
- Raw materials are basic material used in any industry and they can be classified on the basis of raw materials.
- Industries under this are of agro-based(depends of agriculture products), mineral-based (based on mines),marine-based(water-based) and forest-based.
- Size of Industries: Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed and the volume of production.
- Industries based on size are classified into small scale and large scale industries.
- Small Scale Industries:
- Small scale industries manufacture products by hand and include cottage and household industry. These industries use lesser amount of capital and technology. For example, Basket-weaving, pottery, and other handicraft industries.
- In India, small scale industry gives employment to around 35% population.
- Large Scale Industries:
- Large scale industries produce large volumes of products. The investment of capital is higher and technology is superior. For example, production of automobiles and heavy machinery.
- After independence, India gave emphasis to this sector for development.
- Most developed nations shows existence of large scale industries on the other hand more small scale industries are exist in developing and under developed world.
- Ownership: On the basis of ownership, industries can be classified into the following sectors:
- Private Sector Industries are owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals. For example, Bharat Heavy Electrical Ltd., Indian Oil Cooperation.
- Public sector industries are owned and operated by the government. For example, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited and Steel Authority of India Limited.
- Joint Sector Industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals. For example Maruti Udyog Limited.
- Cooperative Sector Industries: These industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. For example Anand Milk Union Limited and Sudha Dairy. Initially, in India most of the industries were under public sector but with passage of time privatisation was done at extensive level.
4. On the basis of end products: Basic Industries and Consumer Goods Industries.
Secondary activities are those that involve processing of natural resources. Manufacturing is a secondary activity. Manufacturing refers to changing raw materials to a product, i.e. to a usable form, which can be more valuable to people.
Industry refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.
We classify industries on the basis of raw materials, size and ownership.
On basis of raw materials, industries are agro-based, mineral-based, marine-based or forest-based.
The raw material of agro-based industries consists of plant and animal-based products. Some examples are food processing, cotton textile industry and leather industry.
The raw material used in mineral-based industries consists of mineral ores. The products of mineral-based industries are used in other industries as well. We can understand it better with an example: heavy machinery made of iron, which is used in most industries, actually comes after processing of iron ore in a mineral-based industry.
Marine-based industries use products obtained from the sea and oceans as raw materials. The seafood industry is one such industry.
A forest-based industry uses forest produce as raw material. Examples are paper industry and furniture.
Based on size, industries can be classified into small-scale and large-scale industries. Cottage or household industries are .examples of small-scale industries. The products here are manufactured by hands, with less use of capital and technology. Investment of capital and use of technology is huge in large-scale industries.
On the basis of ownership, industries are classified into the private sector, state-owned (public sector), joint sector and cooperative sector. Private sector industries are owned by individuals or a group of individuals. Public sector industries are owned by the government. Joint sector industries are owned and operated by the state and individuals. Maruti Udyog is an example of such an industry. Cooperative sector industries are owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers or both. AMUL is one such industry.
Factors Affecting Location of Industries:
- The availability of raw material, land, water, labour, power, capital, transport and market are the factors and market are the factor affecting the location of industries.
- Industrialisation leads to development and growth of towns and cities.
- Before setting up of any industry proper assessement is done by authorities and then it is permitted.
- In this era when global warming is occuring at faster pace, much attention is to be given to environment aspect.
An industrial system, like farming process, consists of inputs, processes and outputs. Raw materials, labour and cost of land, transport, power and other infrastructure constitute the inputs. Processes include all activities involved in converting the raw material to finished products. The finish products along with the income earned by its trade are outputs. .
Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia. Such areas are usually located in temperate areas, near seaports and coal fields.
The iron and steel industry is a mineral-based industry whose products are used as raw material for other industries.
Inputs in iron and steel industry: iron ore, coal, limestone, human labour, capital, and infrastructure. Processes involved: smelting, refining. Outputs obtained: steel.
Industrial Regions:
- Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.
- Major industrial regions tend to be located in the temperate areas, near sea ports and especially near coal-fields.
- Major industrial regions of the world are eastern North America, western and Central Europe, eastern Europe and eastern Asia.
- In India the industrial regions are Mumbai-Pune cluster, Bangalore-Tamil Nadu region, Hugli region, Ahmadabad-Baroda region, Chhotanagpur region, Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut region ,etc.
- Industrial regions depends on technological advancement of a country too.
- Now industrial corridors are being set up by countries to utilise maximum potential. China-India economic corridor is one of the such examples.
Iron and Steel Industry:
- Iron and steel industry comprises various inputs, processes and outputs and it is a mineral-based industry.
- Inputs in this industry include raw materials such as iron ore, core and limestone, labour, capital and other infrastructure. In processing iron ore is converted into steel by undergoing different stages like smelting, refining. Output results obtained is the steel.
- Steel is called the backbone of modern industry as almost everything is made of iron and steel.
- In India, iron and steel industry has developed taking advantages of raw materials, cheep labour, transport and market.
- Major steel-producing centres in India are-Bhilai, Durgapur, Bumpur, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bokaro and is spread over four states-West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha and Chattisgarh.
- TISCO was the first major steel producing company in India in 1907 at Jamshedpur. The availibilty of water from subernrekha and Kharkai rivers, railways conectivity, markets presence and cheap labour provide the basis for its establishment.
- Technological know how make the industries to flourish.
Cotton Industry:
- This was based on cotton, Jute, flax and silk. India was the leading country in 18th century but could not face the competition from the mechanised weaving of western world.
- The famous Muslin, Chintz, Calico were famous all across the world.
- The textile mill in Mumbai was the first successful mill established in 1854.
- Ahmadabad comes second in terms of textile production after Mumbai and it is also known as ‘Manchester of India’.
- Osaka is known as ‘Manchester of Japan
Information Technology (IT):
- Information technology industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.
- The main factors guiding the location of these industries are resource availability, cost and infrastructure.
- The major hubs of the IT industry are the Silicon Valley, California and Bengaluru in India.
- Bengaluru is known as ‘Silicon Plateau’.
- IT hubs in metropolitian centres of India are Mumbai, New Delhi, Hyderabad, and Chennai.
- IT sector provides jobs to maximum population in service sector.
- Indian IT engineers and technology is considered to be best among the world.
Important Terms :-
Manufacturing: Manufacturing refers to changing raw materials to a usable form, which can be more valuable to people.
Product: A product is something obtained from raw materials by certain processes so that it is something usable and of importance.
Industry: Industry refers to economic activity that is concerned with the production of goods, extraction of minerals or provision of services.
Agro-based Industries: These are industries that use plant and animal-based products as raw material.
Mineral-based Industries: These are industries that use mineral ores as their raw material.
Marine-based Industries: These are industries that use sea and ocean products as their raw material.
Forest-based Industries: These are industries that use forest produce as raw material.
Small-Scale Industries: These are industries that run on little capital and infrastructure.
Large-Scale industries: These are industries that run on a large amount of capital and have a big infrastructure.
Private-Sector Industries: These are industries owned and run by an individual or group of individuals.
Public-Sector Industries: These are industries owned and run by the government.
Joint-Sector Industries: These are industries owned and run by the state as well as individuals.
Cooperative Sector Industries: These are industries owned and operated by producers or suppliers of raw materials.
Smelting: Smelting is the process of extracting the minerals from their ores by heating beyond their melting point.
Refining: Refining is the process of yielding the highest possible purity of metal obtained from mineral.
Steel: Steel is an alloy of iron obtained from the iron ore.
Information Technology Industry: The IT industry deals in the storage, processing and distribution of information.
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IMPORTANT QUESTIONS REGARDING EXAM :-
1.Distinguish between Agro-based industry and Mineral-based industry.
2.Name five industrial regions of India.
3. Write a note on Silk Textile industry.
4. Write a note on Iron and Steel Industry.
5. Write any Factors Affecting Location of Industries: